Klin Onkol 2022; 35(6): 436-440. DOI: 10.48095/ccko2022436.
Background: The intestinal microbiome is essential for the function of the human body, it affects not only metabolism and digestion, but also the immune and neurobehavioral systems. The composition of the human intestinal microbiome has been of interest to many scientific teams around the world in recent years, aided by the rapid development of molecular genetics methods. Intestinal microbiome imbalance (so-called dysbiosis) can help develop several pathological conditions such as autoimmune diseases or can be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. Microbiome research in oncology has so far focused most on the effect of intestinal microbiome composition on the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors. Differences in the relative proportions of individual bacterial strains and the overall microbiome diversity in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors appear to be related to the efficacy of this therapy. Many projects are currently studying the possibility of manipulating the composition of the intestinal microbiome, especially by means of fecal microbial transplantation (FMT). Two published clinical studies have confirmed that it is possible to overcome resistance to checkpoint inhibitor therapy in malignant melanoma with this method and to re-establish a clinical response after FMT. One of the problems of this effort is the significant diversity in the composition of the microbiome in different populations. Therefore, knowledge of the microbial composition in a particular population is of key importance. The Department of Oncology of the 1st Faculty of Medicine at Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague is part of this effort, where a program to investigate intestinal microbiome composition in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma during checkpoint inhibitor therapy has been running for several years. Purpose: The aim of the publication is to demonstrate the current information and the importance of fecal transplantation in oncology and also to present our currently ongoing research project
